Puesta en marcha de una consulta virtual de gastroenterología pediátrica antes de la epidemia por COVID-19: un proyecto piloto pionero / Launch of a virtual pediatric gastroenterology consultation prior to the COVID-19 epidemic: A pioneering pilot Project

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Osteomielitis multifocal recurrente en niños: experiencia de un centro de tercer nivel / Recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis in children: Experience in a tertiary care center

Introducción: La osteomielitis multifocal crónica recurrente es una inflamación ósea aséptica poco frecuente en pediatría cuyo abordaje y tratamiento no está estandarizado. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de menores de 14 años a quienes se diagnosticó osteomielitis crónica no bacteriana (OCNB) en un hospital de tercer nivel. Se incluyeron los pacientes diagnosticados en los últimos 6 años (2010-2015), y que cumplían los criterios de Jansson. Se analizaron las características clínicas y radiológicas, y su evolución tras las diferentes opciones terapéuticas. Resultados: Se analizaron 12 casos, con 11 años de media (±1,6desviaciones estándar [DE]), y predominio femenino (10:2). La media de focos fue de 3,5 (±2,2DE). Las localizaciones más frecuentes fueron: tobillo (58%), clavícula (50%), esternón (33%) y cadera (25%). La media de tiempo de evolución fue de 10,5 meses (±10,3DE) y la mediana hasta el diagnóstico de 2,38 meses (0,17-16). En el 33% se detectaron focos asintomáticos con gammagrafía ósea y en el 50% lesiones líticas con resonancia. Se realizó biopsia en el 60%; 2/12 (16%) asociaron patología inflamatoria y 1/12 (8,3%) desarrolló linfoma posteriormente. El 58% recibieron tratamiento antibiótico con escasa respuesta, el 100% antiinflamatorios, y el 50% corticoides sistémicos. El 41,6% requirieron metotrexato o pamidronato, y el 16% anti-TNFα. La media de tiempo de tratamiento fue de 14,8 meses (±12,4DE), presentando recurrencias el 66%. Actualmente el 83% se encuentran en remisión clínica sin tratamiento. Conclusiones: En OCNB refractarias a antiinflamatorios, el pamidronato intravenoso podría constituir una alternativa terapéutica en niños. Los fármacos anti-TNFα podrían considerarse en pacientes con fracaso a pamidronato, o aquellos que asocien entidades autoinmunes

Introduction: Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis is a rare aseptic bone inflammation that affects pediatric patients. Its management and treatment have not yet been standardized. Methods: Retrospective, descriptive study of patients under 14 years of age diagnosed with chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNBO) in a tertiary hospital. We included patients diagnosed over the last 6 years (2010-2015) who met the Jansson criteria. The clinical and radiological characteristics of CNBO were analyzed, as was the outcome after different therapeutic options. Results: We report 12 patients, with a mean age of 11 years (±1.6 standard deviation [SD]) and female predominance (10:2). The mean number of foci was 3.5 (±2.2 SD). The most common locations were ankle (58%), clavicle (50%), sternum (33%) and hip (25%). The mean disease duration was 10.5 months (±10.3 SD), and the median time to diagnosis was 2.38 months (range 0.17-16). Bone scintigraphy detected asymptomatic foci in 33% and we detected lytic lesions in 50% through magnetic resonance imaging. Biopsy was performed in 60%; 2/12 (16%) were associated with inflammatory disease and 1/12 (8.3%) later developed lymphoma. In all, 58% received antibiotic therapy with little response, 100% anti-inflammatory agents, 50% systemic corticosteroids, 41.6% methotrexate/pamidronate and 16% anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α. The mean duration of treatment was 14.8 months (±12.4 SD) and 66% had recurrences. Currently, 83% are in clinical remission without treatment. Conclusions: When CNBO is refractory to treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs, intravenous pamidronate can be an alternative. Anti-TNF drugs can be considered in patients who fail with pamidronate, as can agents associated with other autoimmune conditions

Patología neurológica aguda por enterovirus: revisión de casos clínicos en un hospital andaluz de tercer nivel tras brote epidémico de Cataluña / Acute neurological disease due to enterovirus: A review of clinical cases in a tertiary hospital in Andalusia after an outbreak in Catalonia

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Gut Microbiota Differs in Composition and Functionality Between Children With Type 1 Diabetes and MODY2 and Healthy Control Subjects: A Case-Control Study.

OBJECTIVE: Type 1 diabetes is associated with compositional differences in gut microbiota. To date, no microbiome studies have been performed in maturity-onset diabetes of the young 2 (MODY2), a monogenic cause of diabetes. Gut microbiota of type 1 diabetes, MODY2, and healthy control subjects was compared. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a case-control study in 15 children with type 1 diabetes, 15 children with MODY2, and 13 healthy children. Metabolic control and potential factors modifying gut microbiota were controlled. Microbiome composition was determined by 16S rRNA pyrosequencing. RESULTS: Compared with healthy control subjects, type 1 diabetes was associated with a significantly lower microbiota diversity, a significantly higher relative abundance of Bacteroides, Ruminococcus, Veillonella, Blautia, and Streptococcus genera, and a lower relative abundance of Bifidobacterium, Roseburia, Faecalibacterium, and Lachnospira. Children with MODY2 showed a significantly higher Prevotella abundance and a lower Ruminococcus and Bacteroides abundance. Proinflammatory cytokines and lipopolysaccharides were increased in type 1 diabetes, and gut permeability (determined by zonulin levels) was significantly increased in type 1 diabetes and MODY2. The PICRUSt analysis found an increment of genes related to lipid and amino acid metabolism, ABC transport, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, arachidonic acid metabolism, antigen processing and presentation, and chemokine signaling pathways in type 1 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Gut microbiota in type 1 diabetes differs at taxonomic and functional levels not only in comparison with healthy subjects but fundamentally with regard to a model of nonautoimmune diabetes. Future longitudinal studies should be aimed at evaluating if the modulation of gut microbiota in patients with a high risk of type 1 diabetes could modify the natural history of this autoimmune disease.

Estudio de validez de una escala de gravedad de la bronquiolitis aguda para orientar el ingreso en UCIP / Validation study of an acute bronchiolitis severity scale to determine admission to a Paediatric Intensive Care Unit

INTRODUCCIÓN: En la actualidad existen pocas escalas validadas para valorar la bronquiolitis aguda (BA) y escasa información de su potencia de prueba. El objetivo del presente estudio es valorar la validez de una escala de severidad de BA (ESBA) para orientar los ingresos en UCIP. Pacientes y método: Estudio observacional prospectivo descriptivo de lactantes previamente sanos menores de un año con BA, donde se utilizó la ESBA para contrastar la gravedad con la necesidad de ingreso en UCIP. El tamaño de la muestra se estimó en al menos 175 pacientes. El equipo investigador fue entrenado en el uso de la ESBA. Todos los pacientes del estudio fueron evaluados con la ESBA diariamente y en caso de deterioro clínico. Se analizaron y compararon las puntuaciones ESBA inicial y máxima respecto a la necesidad de UCIP. Se construyó una curva operativa de receptor, se calculó el área bajo la curva y se estimó el punto óptimo de sensibilidad/especificidad. RESULTADOS: Se incluyó a 190 pacientes (varón/mujer: 58%/42%). Precisaron UCIP 11 (6%). La puntuación media± DE de la ESBA-máxima para pacientes que precisaron y no precisaron UCIP fue de 10,55 ± 1,12 y 6,35 ± 2,3, respectivamente. Esta diferencia fue significativa (p < 0,001). El ABC para la ESBA-máxima fue 0,94 (p < 0,001; IC del 95%: 0,90-0,98). El punto de corte óptimo se estableció en ≥ 10 puntos, para una sensibilidad del 82% y una especificidad del 91%. CONCLUSIONES: La ESBA estima la gravedad de la BA respecto a la necesidad e ingreso en UCIP con una sensibilidad y especificidad de utilidad clínica

INTRODUCTION: At present, there are few validated scoring tests for assessing acute bronchiolitis (AB) severity, and limited information on their test power. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the validity of an acute bronchiolitis severity score (ABSS) to help in deciding PICU admission. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Prospective, descriptive, observational study of previously healthy infants under 1 year of age with AB, where the ABSS was used to compare severity as regards the need for PICU admission. The sample size was estimated as at least 175 patients. The research team was trained in the use of ABSS. All patients in the study were evaluated with ABSS daily, as well as in the case of clinical deterioration. The initial and maximum ABSS scores were contrasted to the need for PICU admission. A receiver operative curve was constructed, and the area under the curve was calculated, and the optimum point of sensitivity / specificity was estimated. RESULTS: The study included a total of 190 patients (male / female: 58% / 42%). PICU was required in 11 (6%). The mean± SD ABSS-maximal score for patients who required and did not require PICU was 10.55 ± 1.12 and 6.35 ± 2.3, respectively (P<.001). The AUC for ABSS-maximal was 0.94 (P<.001, 95% CI: 0.90-0.98). The optimal cut-off point was set at ≥10 points for a sensitivity of 82% and a specificity of 91%. CONCLUSIONS: ABSS estimates the severity of AB regarding the need for PICU admission, with a sensitivity and specificity of clinical usefulness

Menor respuesta linfocitaria en casos graves de bronquiolitis aguda por virus respiratorio sincitial / Lower lymphocyte response in severe cases of acute bronchiolitis due to respiratory syncytial virus

Introducción: La bronquiolitis aguda (BA) del lactante tiene una evolución grave entre el 6 y el 16% de los casos ingresados. Su patogenia y evolución está relacionada con la respuesta de los linfocitos T. El objetivo del presente estudio es comprobar si la menor respuesta linfocitaria sistémica está relacionada con una peor evolución de la BA en lactantes ingresados. Pacientes y método: Estudio observacional-analítico retrospectivo de casos-controles anidados en una cohorte de ingresados por BA-VRS en el periodo de octubre del 2010 a marzo del 2015. Se incluyó a aquellos con hemograma en las primeras 48 h de dificultad respiratoria. Se excluyó a los lactantes con patología de base, sobreinfección bacteriana y prematuros ≤ 32 semanas de gestación. La variable principal dicotómica fue ingreso UCIP. Otras variables fueron: sexo, edad, edad posmenstrual, exposición gestacional y posnatal al tabaco, mes de ingreso, tipo de lactancia y días de evolución del distrés respiratorio. Las cifras de linfocitos fueron categorizadas por cuartiles. Se realizó un análisis bivariante con la variable principal y posteriormente regresión logística para analizar factores de confusión. Resultados: El estudio incluyó a 252 lactantes. El 6,6% (17) precisó UCIP. La diferencia de media ± DE de linfocitos para pacientes ingresados y no ingresados en UCIP fue de 4.044 ± 1.755 y 5.035 ± 1.786, respectivamente (t de Student, p < 0,05). Se encontró asociación entre ingreso UCIP y la cifra de linfocitos < 3.700/ml (Chicuadrado p=0,019; OR: 3,2), que se mantuvo en la regresión logística con independencia de la edad y del resto de factores estudiados (Wald 4,191 p = 0,041; OR: 3,8). Conclusiones: Existe relación entre la linfocitosis < 3.700/ml en los primeros días de la dificultad respiratoria y una peor evolución en lactantes < 12 meses previamente sanos y edad gestacional mayor de 32 semanas con BA-VRS

Introduction: Acute bronchiolitis (AB) of the infant has a serious outcome in 6-16% of the hospital admitted cases. Its pathogenesis and evolution is related to the response of the T lymphocytes. The objective of the present study is to determine if the lower systemic lymphocytic response is related to a worse outcome of AB in hospitalised infants. Patients and method: Retrospective observational-analytical study of cases-controls nested in a cohort of patients admitted due to RSV-AB between the period from October 2010 to March 2015. Those with a full blood count in the first 48hours of respiratory distress were included. Infants with underlying disease, bacterial superinfection, and premature infants < 32 weeks of gestation were excluded. The main dichotomous variable was PICU admission. Other variables were: gender, age, post-menstrual age, gestational and post-natal tobacco exposure, admission month, type of lactation, and days of onset of respiratory distress. Lymphocyte counts were categorised by quartiles. Bivariate analysis was performed with the main variable and then by logistic regression to analyse confounding factors. Results: The study included 252 infants, of whom 6.6% (17) required PICU admission. The difference in mean ± SD of lymphocytes for patients admitted to and not admitted to PICU was 4,044 ± 1755 and 5,035 ± 1786, respectively (Student-t test, P < .05). An association was found between PICU admission and lymphocyte count < 3700/ml (Chi-squared, P = .019; OR: 3.2) and it was found to be maintained in the logistic regression, regardless of age and all other studied factors (Wald 4.191 P = .041, OR: 3.8). Conclusions: A relationship was found between lymphocytosis < 3700/ml in the first days of respiratory distress and a worse outcome in previously healthy infants < 12 months and gestational age greater than 32 weeks with RSV-AB

Apneas en lactantes con bronquiolitis: incidencia y factores de riesgo para un modelo de predicción / Apnoea in infants with bronchiolitis: Incidence and risk factors for a prediction model

Introducción: La presencia de apneas en la bronquiolitis aguda (BA) varía según las series entre el 1,2 y el 28,8%, y es una de sus complicaciones más temibles. Nuestro objetivo es conocer la incidencia de apneas en pacientes ingresados con diagnóstico de BA y definir sus factores de riesgo asociados para construir un modelo de predicción. Pacientes y método: Estudio observacional retrospectivo de los últimos 5 años de pacientes ingresados en un hospital terciario con diagnóstico de BA según los criterios clásicos. Se recogieron la frecuencia de apneas y las variables clínicas relacionadas, para encontrar factores de riesgo en un modelo de regresión logística binaria para la predicción de apneas. Para evaluar el modelo se elaboró una curva ROC. Resultados: De 1.197 casos, se registró apnea durante el ingreso en 53 (4,4%). Los factores de riesgo incluidos en la ecuación fueron: sexo femenino (OR 0,6; IC del 95%: 0,27-1,37), cesárea (OR: 3,44; IC del 95%: 1,5-7,7), edad posmenstrual ≤ 43 semanas (OR: 6,62; IC del 95%: 2,38-18,7), fiebre (OR: 0,33; IC del 95%: 0,09-1,97), bajo peso al ingreso (OR: 3,06; IC del 95%: 1,23-7,67), apneas antes del ingreso observada por los cuidadores (OR: 5,93; IC del 95%: 2,64-13,3) y sobreinfección bacteriana grave (OR: 3,98; IC del 95%: 1,68-9,46). La sensibilidad y la especificidad óptima del modelo en la curva ROC fueron de 0,842 y 0,846, respectivamente (p < 0,001). Conclusiones: La incidencia de apneas durante el ingreso fue de 4,4 por cada 100 ingresos de BA y año. La ecuación del modelo de predicción estimado puede ser de ayuda al clínico para clasificar a los pacientes con mayor riesgo de apnea durante el ingreso en la BA (AU)

Introduction: The presence of apnoea in acute bronchiolitis (AB) varies between 1.2% and 28.8%, depending on the series, and is one of its most fearsome complications. The aim of this study is to determine the incidence of apnoea in hospitalised patients diagnosed with AB, and to define their associated risk factors in order to construct a prediction model. Patients and method: A retrospective observational study of patients admitted to a tertiary hospital in the last 5 years with a diagnosis of AB, according to the classic criteria. Data was collected on the frequency of apnoea and related clinical variables to find risk factors in a binary logistic regression model for the prediction of apnoea. A ROC curve was developed with the model. Results: Apnoea was recorded during the admission of 53 (4.4%) patients out of a total 1,197 cases found. The risk factors included in the equation were: Female (OR 0.6, 95% CI: 0.27-1.37), Caesarean delivery (OR: 3.44, 95% CI: 1.5-7.7), Postmenstrual age ≤43 weeks (OR: 6.62, 95% CI: 2.38-18.7), Fever (OR: 0.33, 95% CI: 0.09-1.97), Low birth weight (OR: 5.93, 95% CI: 2.23-7.67), Apnoea observed by caregivers before admission (OR: 5.93, 95% CI: 2.64-13.3), and severe bacterial infection (OR: 3.98, 95% CI: 1.68-9.46). The optimal sensitivity and specificity of the model in the ROC curve was 0.842 and 0.846, respectively (P < .001). Conclusions: The incidence of apnoea during admission was 4.4 per 100 admissions of AB and year. The estimated prediction model equation may be of help to the clinician in order to classify patients with increased risk of apnoea during admission due to AB (AU)

[Validation study of an acute bronchiolitis severity scale to determine admission to a Paediatric Intensive Care Unit]. / Estudio de validez de una escala de gravedad de la bronquiolitis aguda para orientar el ingreso en UCIP.

INTRODUCTION: At present, there are few validated scoring tests for assessing acute bronchiolitis (AB) severity, and limited information on their test power. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the validity of an acute bronchiolitis severity score (ABSS) to help in deciding PICU admission. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Prospective, descriptive, observational study of previously healthy infants under 1 year of age with AB, where the ABSS was used to compare severity as regards the need for PICU admission. The sample size was estimated as at least 175 patients. The research team was trained in the use of ABSS. All patients in the study were evaluated with ABSS daily, as well as in the case of clinical deterioration. The initial and maximum ABSS scores were contrasted to the need for PICU admission. A receiver operative curve was constructed, and the area under the curve was calculated, and the optimum point of sensitivity / specificity was estimated. RESULTS: The study included a total of 190 patients (male / female: 58% / 42%). PICU was required in 11 (6%). The mean± SD ABSS-maximal score for patients who required and did not require PICU was 10.55± 1.12 and 6.35± 2.3, respectively (P<.001). The AUC for ABSS-maximal was 0.94 (P<.001, 95% CI: 0.90-0.98). The optimal cut-off point was set at ≥10 points for a sensitivity of 82% and a specificity of 91%. CONCLUSIONS: ABSS estimates the severity of AB regarding the need for PICU admission, with a sensitivity and specificity of clinical usefulness.

[Lower lymphocyte response in severe cases of acute bronchiolitis due to respiratory syncytial virus]. / Menor respuesta linfocitaria en casos graves de bronquiolitis aguda por virus respiratorio sincitial.

INTRODUCTION: Acute bronchiolitis (AB) of the infant has a serious outcome in 6-16% of the hospital admitted cases. Its pathogenesis and evolution is related to the response of the T lymphocytes. The objective of the present study is to determine if the lower systemic lymphocytic response is related to a worse outcome of AB in hospitalised infants. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Retrospective observational-analytical study of cases-controls nested in a cohort of patients admitted due to RSV-AB between the period from October 2010 to March 2015. Those with a full blood count in the first 48hours of respiratory distress were included. Infants with underlying disease, bacterial superinfection, and premature infants <32 weeks of gestation were excluded. The main dichotomous variable was PICU admission. Other variables were: gender, age, post-menstrual age, gestational and post-natal tobacco exposure, admission month, type of lactation, and days of onset of respiratory distress. Lymphocyte counts were categorised by quartiles. Bivariate analysis was performed with the main variable and then by logistic regression to analyse confounding factors. RESULTS: The study included 252 infants, of whom 6.6% (17) required PICU admission. The difference in mean±SD of lymphocytes for patients admitted to and not admitted to PICU was 4,044±1755 and 5,035±1786, respectively (Student-t test, P<.05). An association was found between PICU admission and lymphocyte count <3700/ml (Chi-squared, P=.019; OR: 3.2) and it was found to be maintained in the logistic regression, regardless of age and all other studied factors (Wald 4.191 P=.041, OR: 3.8). CONCLUSIONS: A relationship was found between lymphocytosis <3700/ml in the first days of respiratory distress and a worse outcome in previously healthy infants <12 months and gestational age greater than 32 weeks with RSV-AB.

Recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis in children: Experience in a tertiary care center. / Osteomielitis multifocal recurrente en niños: experiencia de un centro de tercer nivel.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis is a rare aseptic bone inflammation that affects pediatric patients. Its management and treatment have not yet been standardized. METHODS: Retrospective, descriptive study of patients under 14 years of age diagnosed with chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNBO) in a tertiary hospital. We included patients diagnosed over the last 6 years (2010-2015) who met the Jansson criteria. The clinical and radiological characteristics of CNBO were analyzed, as was the outcome after different therapeutic options. RESULTS: We report 12 patients, with a mean age of 11 years (±1.6 standard deviation [SD]) and female predominance (10:2). The mean number of foci was 3.5 (±2.2 SD). The most common locations were ankle (58%), clavicle (50%), sternum (33%) and hip (25%). The mean disease duration was 10.5 months (±10.3 SD), and the median time to diagnosis was 2.38 months (range 0.17-16). Bone scintigraphy detected asymptomatic foci in 33% and we detected lytic lesions in 50% through magnetic resonance imaging. Biopsy was performed in 60%; 2/12 (16%) were associated with inflammatory disease and 1/12 (8.3%) later developed lymphoma. In all, 58% received antibiotic therapy with little response, 100% anti-inflammatory agents, 50% systemic corticosteroids, 41.6% methotrexate/pamidronate and 16% anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α. The mean duration of treatment was 14.8 months (±12.4 SD) and 66% had recurrences. Currently, 83% are in clinical remission without treatment. CONCLUSIONS: When CNBO is refractory to treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs, intravenous pamidronate can be an alternative. Anti-TNF drugs can be considered in patients who fail with pamidronate, as can agents associated with other autoimmune conditions.

[Apnoea in infants with bronchiolitis: Incidence and risk factors for a prediction model]. / Apneas en lactantes con bronquiolitis: incidencia y factores de riesgo para un modelo de predicción.

INTRODUCTION: The presence of apnoea in acute bronchiolitis (AB) varies between 1.2% and 28.8%, depending on the series, and is one of its most fearsome complications. The aim of this study is to determine the incidence of apnoea in hospitalised patients diagnosed with AB, and to define their associated risk factors in order to construct a prediction model. PATIENTS AND METHOD: A retrospective observational study of patients admitted to a tertiary hospital in the last 5 years with a diagnosis of AB, according to the classic criteria. Data was collected on the frequency of apnoea and related clinical variables to find risk factors in a binary logistic regression model for the prediction of apnoea. A ROC curve was developed with the model. RESULTS: Apnoea was recorded during the admission of 53 (4.4%) patients out of a total 1,197 cases found. The risk factors included in the equation were: Female (OR 0.6, 95% CI: 0.27-1.37), Caesarean delivery (OR: 3.44, 95% CI: 1.5-7.7), Postmenstrual age ≤43 weeks (OR: 6.62, 95% CI: 2.38-18.7), Fever (OR: 0.33, 95% CI: 0.09-1.97), Low birth weight (OR: 5.93, 95% CI: 2.23-7.67), Apnoea observed by caregivers before admission (OR: 5.93, 95% CI: 2.64-13.3), and severe bacterial infection (OR: 3.98, 95% CI: 1.68-9.46). The optimal sensitivity and specificity of the model in the ROC curve was 0.842 and 0.846, respectively (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of apnoea during admission was 4.4 per 100 admissions of AB and year. The estimated prediction model equation may be of help to the clinician in order to classify patients with increased risk of apnoea during admission due to AB.

Epidemiología de los ingresos por bronquiolitis en el sur de Europa: análisis de las epidemias 2010-2015 / Epidemiology of patients hospitalised due to bronchiolitis in the south of Europe: Analysis of the epidemics, 2010-2015

Introducción. La renovación de las guías de práctica clínica sobre la bronquiolitis aguda (BA) obliga a reevaluar las consecuencias de su implantación. Pretendemos actualizar las principales variables clínico-epidemiológicas en pacientes ingresados por BA en el sur de Europa y analizar las causas de la estancia prolongada. Pacientes y método: Estudio retrospectivo de ingresos por BA durante 5 epidemias (2010-2015), con descripción de las principales variables clínico-epidemiológicas y análisis por regresión logística de los factores asociados a mayor estancia. Resultados: El inicio de la epidemia ocurrió entre las semanas cuarta de septiembre y tercera de octubre. De los menores de 2 años (42.530 niños), el 15,21% (6.468 pacientes) acudieron a urgencias por BA y el 2,36% ingresaron (1.006 pacientes), con un 18,5% de prematuros. El 12,2% tenían peso al nacimiento inferior a 2.300 g. El 21,1% eran menores de un mes, consultaron por apnea asociada el 10,8%, ingesta inferior al 50% en el 31,1% y presentaban sobreinfección bacteriana el 13,1%. Estos factores se asociaron de forma independiente a la estancia prolongada. La mediana de estancia fue de 5 días y la proporción de ingresos en la unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos (UCIP) del 8,5% de los casos. Conclusiones: El inicio de la epidemia de la bronquiolitis mostró una variabilidad de hasta 4 semanas en nuestro medio. Tras 5 años de la implantación de la guía de práctica clínica, la incidencia de ingresos está en torno al 2,3% y parece estable respecto a estudios previos. La edad media de los pacientes desciende a 2,4 meses, aunque con una proporción similar de ingresos en la UCIP de un 8,5%. Los factores de riesgo independiente asociados a una estancia hospitalaria más prolongada fueron: bajo peso al nacimiento, edad menor de un mes, apneas previas al ingreso, ingesta inferior al 50% y la sobreinfección bacteriana grave, donde la infección respiratoria superó la prevalencia de infección del tracto urinario grave (AU)

Introduction: The renewal of clinical practice guidelines on acute bronchiolitis (AB) requires the re-assessment of the consequences of their implementation. An update is presented on the main clinical and epidemiological variables in patients hospitalised due to AB in Southern Europe and an analysis made of the causes associated with longer hospital stay. Patients and method: A retrospective study was conducted on patients admitted to hospital due to AB during 5 epidemics (2010-2015), with an analysis of the major clinical and epidemiological variables. A logistic regression analysis was performed on the factors associated with a longer hospital stay. Results: The beginning of the epidemic occurred between the 4th week of September and the 3rd week of October. Of those children under 2 years (42,530), 15.21% (6,468 patients) attended paediatric emergency department due to having AB, and 2.36% (1,006 patients) were admitted. Of these, 18.5% of were premature, 12.2% had a birth weight < 2,300 g, 21.1% were younger than 1 month, 10.8% consulted for associated apnoea, 31.1% had an intake <50%, and 13.1% had bacterial superinfection. These factors were independently associated with prolonged stay. The median length of stay was 5 days, and 8.5% of cases were admitted to a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Conclusions: The beginning of the bronchiolitis epidemic showed a variability of up to 4 weeks in this region. Five years after implementing the new guidelines, the incidence of admissions was approximately 2.3%, and appeared stable compared to previous studies. The mean age of the patients decreased to 2.4 months, although with a similar proportion of PICU admissions of 8.5%. Independent factors associated with prolonged stay were: low birth weight, age less than one month, apnoea prior-to-admission, intake of less than 50%, and severe bacterial superinfection. Respiratory bacterial infection exceeded the prevalence of urinary tract infection (AU)

Baja densidad mineral ósea en artritis idiopática juvenil: prevalencia y factores relacionados / Low bone mineral density in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Prevalence and related factors

Introducción Actualmente se recomienda ajustar por talla el Z-score densidad mineral ósea obtenido mediante absorciometría de rayos X de doble energía en pediatría. No hay estudios en nuestro medio que evalúen la prevalencia de baja densidad mineral ósea para la edad cronológica (BDMOec) en niños con artritis idiopática juvenil (AIJ) siguiendo estas recomendaciones. Objetivos: Estimar la prevalencia de BDMOec en niños con AIJ en nuestro medio y evaluar los factores implicados en su desarrollo. Métodos: Estudio observacional, transversal, en niños caucásicos de 5-16 años con AIJ, en seguimiento por una unidad de reumatología pediátrica entre julio de 2014-julio de 2015. Se recogieron datos antropométricos, clínicos y de tratamiento. Se realizaron absorciometría de rayos X de doble energía, estudio metabólico óseo y encuestas sobre dieta y ejercicio. Resultados: Participaron 92 niños. La estimación de la prevalencia poblacional de BDMOec fue inferior al 5% (IC 95%). En el análisis multivariante el percentil de índice de masa corporal (B: 0,021; p < 0,001) y el índice de masa magra (B: 0,0002; p = 0,012) presentaron relación positiva con el Z-score de DMO ajustado por talla, mientras que el índice de masa grasa (B: -0,0001; p = 0,018) y el propéptido aminoterminal del colágeno tipo i (B: -0,0006; p = 0,036) presentaron correlaciones negativas. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de BDMOec en los niños con AIJ en nuestro medio es baja. Un adecuado estado nutritivo y el predominio de la masa magra sobre la grasa podrían favorecer la adquisición de masa ósea. Aquellos pacientes con AIJ con DMO más baja podrían estar sometidos a un aumento del remodelado óseo (AU)

Introduction: Height adjustment is currently recommended for Z-score bone mineral density (BMD) assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. At present there are no studies that evaluate the prevalence of low BMD in paediatric patients with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) in Spain following current recommendations. Objectives: To evaluate low BMD in JIA in paediatric patients with JIA in Spain following the latest recommendations, as well as to assess associated factors. Methods: Observational cross-sectional study of Spanish JIA patients from 5 to 16 years-old, followed-up in a Paediatric Rheumatology Unit between July 2014 and July 2015. Anthropometric, clinical and treatment data were recorded. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and bone metabolism parameters were collected, and a completed diet and exercise questionnaire was obtained. Results: A total of 92 children participated. The population prevalence estimation of low BMD was less than 5% (95% CI). A significant positive correlation was found in the multiple linear regression analysis between the body mass index percentile (B: 0.021; P <. 001) and lean mass index (B: 0.0002; P = .012), and BMD Z-score adjusted for height (Z-SAH). A significant negative correlation was found between fat mass index (B: -0.0001; P = .018) and serum type I collagen N-propeptide (B: -0,0006; P = .036) and Z-SAH. Conclusions: Low BMD prevalence in JIA patients in our population is low. An adequate nutritional status and the prevalence of lean over fat mass seem to promote the acquisition of bone mass. Those JIA patients with lower BMD could be subjected to an increase of bone turnover (AU)

Síndrome Koolen de Vries: un reto en la práctica clínica / Koolen de Vries syndrome: a challenge in clinical practice

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[Low bone mineral density in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Prevalence and related factors]. / Baja densidad mineral ósea en artritis idiopática juvenil: prevalencia y factores relacionados.

INTRODUCTION: Height adjustment is currently recommended for Z-score bone mineral density (BMD) assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. At present there are no studies that evaluate the prevalence of low BMD in paediatric patients with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) in Spain following current recommendations. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate low BMD in JIA in paediatric patients with JIA in Spain following the latest recommendations, as well as to assess associated factors. METHODS: Observational cross-sectional study of Spanish JIA patients from 5 to 16 years-old, followed-up in a Paediatric Rheumatology Unit between July 2014 and July 2015. Anthropometric, clinical and treatment data were recorded. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and bone metabolism parameters were collected, and a completed diet and exercise questionnaire was obtained. RESULTS: A total of 92 children participated. The population prevalence estimation of low BMD was less than 5% (95% CI). A significant positive correlation was found in the multiple linear regression analysis between the body mass index percentile (B: 0.021; P<.001) and lean mass index (B: 0.0002; P=.012), and BMD Z-score adjusted for height (Z-SAH). A significant negative correlation was found between fat mass index (B: -0.0001; P=.018) and serum type I collagen N-propeptide (B: -0,0006; P=.036) and Z-SAH. CONCLUSIONS: Low BMD prevalence in JIA patients in our population is low. An adequate nutritional status and the prevalence of lean over fat mass seem to promote the acquisition of bone mass. Those JIA patients with lower BMD could be subjected to an increase of bone turnover.

Cicatrices renales en menores de 36 meses ingresados por pielonefritis aguda / Renal scarring in children under 36 months hospitalised for acute pyelonephritis

INTRODUCCIÓN: Una de las causas más frecuentes de infección bacteriana grave en lactantes es la pielonefritis aguda (PNFA), cuya secuela más prevalente a largo plazo es la instauración de cicatrices renales. OBJETIVOS: Revisar la incidencia de cicatrices renales a los 6 meses de un episodio de PNFA en niños menores de 36 meses y su relación con la clínica, las pruebas de imagen y la bacteriología. MÉTODO: Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes de uno a 36 meses previamente sanos ingresados por un primer episodio de PNFA, con un seguimiento mínimo de 6 meses. Se recogieron las variables demográficas junto con bacteriología, ecografía, cistourografía miccional seriada, recidivas y gammagrafía-DMSA. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 125 pacientes, 60% varones, la mayoría febriles al ingreso (92%), debido a E. coli (74,6%). Existía antecedente de alteración ecográfica prenatal solo en el 15,4%. La ecografía detectó dilatación de la vía urinaria en el 22,1%. En 70 pacientes se indicó cistourografía miccional seriada: 54,3% sin anomalías, 12,8% con reflujo vesicoureteral (RVU) grado i-iii y 32,9% con RVU iv-v. Seis pacientes presentaban RVU iv-v con ecografías normales. La adherencia a la gammagrafía DMSA a los 6 meses fue solo del 61% de los indicados. De los efectuados (60 casos), en un 44,3% se hallaron cicatrices renales, relacionadas significativamente con la recurrencia y el RVU iv-v, pero no con la bacteriología ni con la elevación de reactantes. CONCLUSIONES: El 44% de las gammagrafías-DMSA de pacientes de uno a 36 meses hospitalizados por PNFA desarrolla cicatrices renales a los 6 meses. Estas se relacionaron con las recurrencias y el RVU grave, pero no con la bacteriología y los reactantes inflamatorios

INTRODUCTION: Acute pyelonephritis (APN) is one of the most common causes of serious bacterial infection in infants. Renal scarring is the most prevalent long-term complication. OBJECTIVES: To review the incidence of renal scarring within 6 months after an episode of APN in children under 36 months and its relationship with imaging studies, clinical settings, and bacteriology. Method. A retrospective study of previously healthy patients aged one to 36 months, admitted for a first episode of APN, with a minimum follow-up of 6 months. Demographic and clinical variables were collected along with bacteriology, renal and bladder ultrasound scan, voiding cystourethrography, DMSA-scintigraphy, and re-infection events. RESULTS: A total of 125 patients were included in the study, of which 60% were male, the large majority (92%) febrile, and due to E. coli (74.6%). There was a history of prenatal ultrasound scan changes in 15.4%. Ultrasound scan found dilation of the urinary tract in 22.1%. Voiding cystourethrography was performed on 70 patients: 54.3% no abnormalities, 12.8% vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) grade i-iii, and 32.9% iv-v grade VUR. Six patients had iv-v grade VUR with a normal ultrasound scan. Adherence to DMSA-scintigraphy at 6 months was only 61% of that indicated. Renal scarring was found in 44.3% of those in which it was performed (60 cases). CONCLUSIONS: Almost half (44%) DMSA-scintigraphy in children aged one to 36 months hospitalised for APN show renal scarring at 6 months, which was found to be associated with the re-infection events and the iv-v grade VUR. There was no relationship between scarring and the bacteriology or the elevations of inflammatory biochemical markers